4. The Rani of Jhansi Laxmibai was not allowed to adopt a son. The moment at which the sepoys' grievances led them openly to defy British authority also happened to be the most favourable opportunity to do so.[24]. It drew its strength from several elements of discontent against British rule. Other irregular units were raised in frontier areas from communities such as Assamese or Pashtuns to maintain order locally. However, traditionally it was a taboo for the Following are three important causes of the revolt of 1857: Ill-treatment of Indian Soldiers - The East India Company discriminated against their Indian sepoys. The rifling inside the musket barrel ensured accuracy at much greater distances than was possible with old muskets. Dalhousie had also appointed Inam Commission with powers to confiscate land. Such measures were considered a valid negotiating tactic by the sepoys, likely to be repeated every time such issues arose. Political, Economic, Social and Military causes. 2. The old aristocracy, both Muslim and Hindu, who were seeing their power steadily eroded by the BEIC, also rebelled against British rule. By the first half of the 19th century, the East India Company had brought major portions of India under its control.One hundred years after the Battle of Plassey, anger against the unjust and oppressive British Government took the form of a revolt Under the British rule, there was a severe deterioration of the condition of Indian agriculture. Partly owing to this, Bengal sepoys were not subject to the penalty of flogging as were the European soldiers. As time passed, the powers of the commanding officers reduced and the government became more unfeeling or distant from the concerns of the sepoys. The British deliberately crippled Indian trade and … Mason, Philip (1974), pages 186 and 313 "A Matter of Honour", London: Holt, Rhinehart & Winston. IAS Kracker — August 27, 2017 15 comments The Revolt or uprising of 1857 was a valiant effort by disgruntled Indian sepoys to overthrow the colonial power from Indian shores, however, it ended in failure. There was rumour about an old prophecy that the company's rule would end after a hundred years. The sepoys were local soldiers, the majority Hindu or Muslim, that were recruited into the Company's army. list any three military causes of the revolt of 1857. Causes for the Revolt of 1857 The Revolt of 1857, also known as The Indian Rebellion of 1857 was caused by various factors which were political, social, economic and military in nature. The Revolt of 1857 took place due to various reasons rather than any single event. Brahmins to cross the seas. [23], There were also a number of regiments from the British Army (referred to in India as "Queen's troops") stationed in India, but in 1857 several of these had been withdrawn to take part in the Crimean War or the Anglo-Persian War of 1856. NEWSLETTER : Get latest updates in your inbox. The military causes of Sepoy Mutiny primarily led to the outbreak of the 1857 revolt. He also resumed the practice of tax free lands in some areas. Hence, t… The resumption of tax free land and confiscation of jagirs (the grant or right to locally control land revenue) caused discontent among the jagirdars and zamindars. Military Causes. The imperialist policy of the East India Company was an important factor. Economic and Military Causes of Revolt of 1857. Mason, Philip (1974), page 190 "A Matter of Honour", London: Holt, Rhinehart & Winston. Certain actions of the government, such as increased recruitment of Sikhs and Gurkhas, peoples considered by the Bengal sepoys to be inferior in caste to them, increased the distrust of the sepoys who thought that this was a sign of their services not being needed any more. Causes of the Revolt of 1857. Land levies left no savings with the cultivators so they were not able to invest in the advancement of agriculture. [3], Religious disquiet as the cause of rebellion underlies the work of historian William Dalrymple who asserts that the rebels were motivated primarily by resistance to the actions of the British East India Company, especially under James Broun-Ramsay reign, which were perceived as attempts to impose Christianity and Christian laws in India. [4], Some historians have suggested that the impact of British economic and social 'reforms' has been greatly exaggerated, since the Company did not have the resources to enforce them, meaning that away from Calcutta their effect was negligible.[6]. This meant that when they came to be threatened by modernising regimes in Calcutta, from the 1840s onwards, the sepoys had become accustomed to very high ritual status, and were extremely sensitive to suggestions that their caste might be polluted. [2] Author Pramod Nayar points out that by 1851 there were nineteen Protestant religious societies operating in India whose goal was the conversion of Indians to Christianity. 4. Political: Nana Sahib was refused pension, as he was the adopted son of pesewa Baji Rao II. Related Questions to study. The reasons for the failure of the 1857 Revolt are many and can be grouped into Administrative, Military and Political causes. The Revolt of 1857 » The Revolt of 1857 is an important landmark in the history of India which occurred during the governer-generalship of Lord canning. CAUSES OF REVOLT Although the revolt began as a military rising and it appears to be a great sequel in the long series of a number of mutinies, its causes were deeply rooted in the changing conditions of the times. the revolt of 1857 was started by Indian soldiers at Meerut on 10 may,1857.the causes of the revolt were a) All sections of India were unhappy with the British rule. This led to extreme resentment among the successors of rulers who died without a natural heir. In contrast, foreign Christians such as Revd Midgeley John Jennings, and Indian converts to Christianity such as one of Zafar's personal physicians, Dr. Chaman Lal, were killed. Sepoy’s Mutiny. Due to the need for technical specialists, the artillery units generally had a higher proportion of British personnel. Causes of the Revolt of 1857: (a) Political Causes i. Doctrine of Lapse: Lord Dalhousie successfully annexed many Indian states to the English East India Company. Saul, David (2003), page 294 "The Indian Mutiny", Penguin Books. The Indian soldiers were discriminated. For instance, once the rebellion was underway, Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar met the sepoys on 11 May 1857, he was told: "We have joined hands to protect our religion and our faith." Copyright Notice © 2020 Greycells18 Media Limited and its licensors. 2 mins read. Dalhousie had Revolt of 1857 – Causes . [16], At the beginning of the nineteenth century, British officers were generally closely involved with their troops, speaking Indian languages fluently; participating in local culture through such practices as having regimental flags and weapons blessed by Brahman priests; and frequently having native mistresses. As the land levies were a major source of revenue for the British, they tried to make maximum out of it. Proportion of Indians in the British Army -. When the mood of the sepoys turned against their masters, they remembered Kabul and that the British were not invincible. MILITARY CAUSES. 5. The forces were divided into three presidency armies: Bombay, Madras, and Bengal. This took the form of Muslim millenarianism, with preachers in Lucknow foretelling the end of the raj. [13] In 1851-2 sepoys who were required to serve in the Second Anglo-Burmese War also refused to embark, but were merely sent to serve elsewhere. Another important source of discontent among the Indian rulers was that the British policies of conquest had created significant unrest. The serving high-caste sepoys were fearful that this requirement would be eventually extended to them, violating observance of the Kala Pani prohibition on sea travel. [12], There had been earlier indications that all was not well in the armies of the East India Company. The company had developed a military organisation where, in theory, fealty of the sepoys to the company was considered the height of "izzat" or honour, where the European officer replaced the village headman with benevolent figures of authority, and where regiments were mostly recruited from sepoys belonging to the same caste, and community. Prior to the period of British rule, any refusal to proceed on service until pay issues were resolved was considered a legitimate form of displaying grievance by Indian troops serving under Indian rulers. Mason, Philip (1974), page 263 "A Matter of Honour", London: Holt, Rhinehart & Winston, Details of the rifle issued as a result of the mutiny, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Causes_of_the_Indian_Rebellion_of_1857&oldid=990241245, All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 23 November 2020, at 16:27. discriminated against their Indian. Many sepoys believed that the cartridges that were standard issue with the new rifle were greased with lard (pork fat) which was regarded as unclean by Muslims and tallow (cow fat) which angered the Hindus as cows were equal to a goddess to them. Loading the Enfield often required tearing open the greased cartridge with one's teeth, and many sepoys believed that the cartridges were greased with cow and pig fat. Related posts: What were few political and military factors responsible for the Revolt of 1857? ADVERTISEMENTS: The course of events of the Revolt of 1857. [1] As early as the Charter Act of 1813 Christian missionaries were encouraged to come to Bombay and Calcutta under BEIC control. Because of all these reasons Kings, Princes, their courtiers and disbanded soldiers an… In this video you will see the simplified version of 1857 revolt and the 4 main causes i.e. The immediate cause of military disaffection was the deployment of the new breech-loading Enfield rifle, the cartridge of which was purportedly greased with pork and beef fat. The Revolt of 1857 was started by the company’s sepoys. Mason, Philip (1974), pages 203-204 A Matter of Honour", London: Holt, Rhinehart & Winston. Larger The Absentee Sovereignty of British means that India was being ruled by the British Government from England. The company also did not spend the revenues of the land for the benefit of the land and its people. All rights reserved. Causes of the Revolt. Lord Dalhousies policy of annexation and the Doctrine of lapse had made the Indian rulers angry and insecure. that point of time. Indian sepoys formed more than 87% of British troops in India. The mutiny and great revolt of 1857–59. Mason, Philip (1974), page 264 "A Matter of Honour", London: Holt, Rhinehart & Winston. Hindus reacted negatively to this decision In contrast to their Indian predecessors, the British considered such refusals at times to be outright "mutinies" and therefore to be suppressed brutally. the year 1856, the Company army had2, 38,000 Indians and 45,322 British soldiers. Mason, Philip (1974), page 225 "A Matter of Honour", London: Holt, Rhinehart & Winston. [7] Several years before the sepoys' mutiny, Lord William Bentinck had attacked several jagirs in western Bengal. The policy of Doctrine of Lapse was applied not only to Princes but also big Zamindars. In the decade prior to the rebellion, the BEIC had imposed a "doctrine of lapse" (of Indian leadership succession), and the policy of "subsidiary alliance", both of which deprived many Indian rulers of their customary powers and privileges. [9], Until the 1840s there had been a widespread belief amongst the Bengal sepoys in the iqbal or continued good fortune of the East India Company. The Indian soldiers were also sent across the sea which was forbidden as per Hindu religious beliefs. The revolt of 1857 was a combination of political, economic, socio-religious and military causes. Moreover, there was no scope of promotion and made to serve overseas. Furthermore, legal changes introduced by the British were accompanied by prohibitions on Indian religious customs and were seen as steps towards forced conversion to Christianity. Indian soldiers were given Enfield rifle, the … Political Causes ; Social Causes ; Religious Causes ; Economic Causes ; Administrative Causes ; Military Causes; 9 POLITICAL CAUSES. ii. The subsidiary alliance and the Doctrine of Lapse of Dalhousie angered Indian Princes. When soldiers of the Bengal army mutinied in Meerut on May 10, 1857, tension had been growing for some time. Underlying grievances over British taxation and recent land annexations by the British East Indian Company (BEIC) also contributed to the anger of the sepoy mutineers, and within weeks, dozens of units of the Indian army joined peasant armies in widespread rebellion. The revolt of 1857 was a combination of political, economic, socio-religious and military causes. Mason, Philip (1974), pages 226-228 "A Matter of Honour", London: Holt, Rhinehart & Winston. Following British and Indian military drills of the time required soldiers to bite off the end of the Beeswax paper cartridge, pour the gunpowder contained within down the barrel, stuff the remaining paper cartridge into the barrel, ram the paper cartridge (which included the ball wrapped and tied in place) down the barrel, remove the ram-rod, return the ram-rod, bring the rifle to the ready, set the sights, add a percussion cap, present the rifle, and fire. The mutiny at Vellore (1806), at Barrackpore (1824), at Ferozpur (1842), mutiny of the 7th Bengal cavalry, mutiny of 22nd N.I. In some districts like Muzaffarnagar and Saharanpur, Bose and Jalal argue that "the revolt took on a distinctly millenarian flavour. What […] Later, the attitudes of British officers changed with increased intolerance, lack of involvement and unconcern of the welfare of troops becoming manifest more and more. The Company interfered in the internal matters of Indian States and followed the policy of divide and rule. Few of these participated in the rebellion, and one contingent in particular (the recently raised Punjab Irregular Force) actively participated on the British side. THE IMMEDIATE CAUSE OF THE REVOLT OF 1857 1. [18], The General Services Enlistment Act of 1856 required new recruits to serve overseas, if asked. Some of these units belonged to states allied to the British or recently absorbed into British-administered territory, and of these, two large contingents from the states of Awadh and Gwalior readily joined the growing rebellion. Following the disarming and disbandment of an additional seventeen Bengal Native Infantry regiments, which were suspected of planning mutiny, only twelve survived to serve in the new post-mutiny army. The musketry books also recommended that, "Whenever the grease around the bullet appears to be melted away, or otherwise removed from the cartridge, the sides of the bullet should be wetted in the mouth before putting it into the barrel; the saliva will serve the purpose of grease for the time being" This meant that biting a musket cartridge was second nature to the Sepoys, some of whom had decades of service in the company's army, and who had been doing musket drill for every day of their service. 2 mins read. [11] If the caste of high-caste sepoys was considered to be "polluted", they would have to expend considerable sums of money on ritual purification before being accepted back into society. Another suggestion they put forward was to introduce a new drill, in which the cartridge was not bitten with the teeth but torn open with the hand. which was taken in complete disregard to their religious beliefs. The other causes of the Revolt of 1857 were the military policies of the British. This was done by using the provisions of the Doctrine ofLapse. [8], Unlike the Madras and Bombay Armies of the BEIC, which were far more diverse, the Bengal Army recruited its regular soldiers almost exclusively amongst the landowning Bhumihars and Rajputs of the Ganges Valley. Results of revolt of 1857. deployment if required. The British treat the Indian soldiers very differently from their counterparts. The company had an unbroken series of victories in India, against the Marathas, Mysore, north Indian states, and the Gurkhas, later against the Sikhs, and further afield in China and Burma. were among the high degree of protests by the people that culminated in the revolt of 1857. The Anglo-Indian historians have greatly emphasised the importance of military grievances and the greased cartridges affair as the most potent causes which led to the great rising of 1857. Social distance between officers and Indian soldiers. "[26] Their rule in India had begun with the Battle of Plassey in 1757. Political Causes: The British policy of territorial annexations led to the displacement of a large … However much of this sense of the invincibility of the British was lost in the First Anglo-Afghan War where poor political judgement and inept British leadership led to the massacre of Elphinstone's army (which included three Bengal regiments) while retreating from Kabul. Historians have identified diverse political, economic, military, religious and social causes of the Indian Rebellion of 1857. Christian organisations from Britain had additionally created 222 "unattached" mission stations across India in the decade preceding the rebellion. This is again seemed to be a biased analysis. The rifle's cartridges contained 68 grains of FF blackpowder, and the ball was typically a 530-grain Pritchett or a Burton-Minié ball. Eleven of the sepoys were executed and hundreds more sentenced to hard labour. As they were an integral part of the Indian society, they too suffered the consequences of the oppressive British rule. Describe immediate causes of the revolt of 1857. Often the British officers treated the sepoys rudely. An uprising in several sepoy companies of the Bengal army was sparked by the issue of new gunpowder cartridges for the Enfield rifle in February 1857. It was only later on that other elements of society joined the revolt. Causes of 1857 Revolt The issue of greased cartridges and military grievances has been over-emphasized, as the factor for the Revolt of 1857. [17], Officers of an evangelical persuasion in the company's Army (such as Herbert Edwardes and Colonel S.G. Wheler of the 34th Bengal Infantry) had taken to preaching to their Sepoys in the hope of converting them to Christianity. [10], Caste privileges and customs within the Bengal Army were not merely tolerated but encouraged in the early years of the company's rule. Once the first rebellions took place, it was clear to most British commanders that the grievances which led to them were felt throughout the Bengal army and no Indian unit could wholly be trusted, although many officers continued to vouch for their men's loyalty, even in the face of captured correspondence indicating their intention to rebel. Just before the Rebellion there were over 300,000 sepoys in the army, compared to about 50,000 British. Discrimination in the salaries of Indians and Europeans. As early as 1806, concerns that the sepoys' caste may be polluted had led to the Vellore Mutiny, which was brutally suppressed. [15], The varying stances of the British government, the reduction of allowances and harsh punishments, contributed to a feeling amongst the troops that the Company no longer cared for them. [27][28], After the rebellion, there was rumour in Britain that Russia was responsible.[28]. C. RELIGIOUS DISCRIMINATION. Ill-treatment Mason, Philip (1974), page 236 "A Matter of Honour", London: Holt, Rhinehart & Winston. Military Causes; Low salary and poor prospects of promotion. All these causes paved way for the revolt. These changes caused widespread resentment not only among the landed aristocracy but also caused great havoc to a larger section of the middle-class people. Economic Causes. They too had a number of grievances. 094: British Occupation of India - Part 9: The Causes and Impact of the Revolt of 1857 In this episode, we talk about The Causes and Impact of the Revolt of 1857 The Revolt of 1857 is also known by other names such as The Sepoy Mutiny, The Indian Mutiny, The Great Rebellion, The Indian Insurrection, India’s First War of Independence. Mason, Philip (1974), pages 291-292 "A Matter of Honour", London: Holt, Rhinehart & Winston. To load both the old musket and the new rifle, soldiers had to bite the cartridge open and pour the gunpowder it contained into the rifle's muzzle, then stuff the paper cartridge (overlaid with a thin mixture of beeswax and mutton tallow for waterproofing) into the musket as wadding, the ball being secured to the top of the cartridge and guided into place for ramming down the muzzle. They later stood in Chandni Chowk, the main square, and asked the people gathered there, "Brothers, are you with those of the faith? "[4] Those European men and women who had previously converted to Islam such as Sergeant-Major Gordon, and Abdullah Beg, a former Company soldier, were spared. This included an increase in the taxation on land. Rich people like the merchants and moneylenders were therefore able to speculate in British land sales and drive out the most vulnerable peasant farmers. 2 mins read. Higher post in the army were reserved for the British. Ruin of the Mercantile Class. Though paid marginally less than the Bombay and Madras Presidency troops, there was a tradition of trust between the soldiery and the establishment â€” the soldiers felt needed and that the company would care for their welfare. … This would have insulted both Hindu and Muslim religious practices; cows were considered holy by Hindus, while pigs were considered unclean by Muslims. Many Indians felt that the company was asking for heavy tax from the locals. In are three important causes of the revolt of 1857: Queries asked on Sunday & after 7pm from Monday to Saturday will be answered after 12pm the next working day. Mason, Philip (1974), page 226 "A Matter of Honour", London: Holt, Rhinehart & Winston. Thanks, you will receive a call between 10:00am - 7:00pm IST. Military Causes of the revolt of 1857: • Indian soldiers formed seven-eighth of the total British troops in India. of Indian Soldiers -, The East India Company As a result, it became easier for the rebelling Join NOW to get access to exclusive study material for best results. The sepoys rejected this, pointing out that they might very well forget and bite the cartridge, not surprising given the extensive drilling that allowed 19th century British and Indian troops to fire three to four rounds per minute. [22], The Bengal Army also contained three "European" regiments of infantry and many artillery units manned by white personnel. As further evidence, he observes that the Urdu sources of the pre- and post-rebellion periods usually refer to the British not as angrez (the English), goras (whites) or firangis (foreigners), but as kafir (disbeliever) and nasrani (Christians). 3. According to some historians, the revolt of 1857 was simply a Sepoy’s Mutiny. [20], In 1857, the Bengal Army contained 10 regular regiments of Indian cavalry and 74 of infantry. The sepoys were paid much less than the British soldiers and were also given inferior food and accommodation. Political Since the batta made the difference between active service being considered munificent or burdensome, the sepoys repeatedly resented and actively opposed inconsiderate unilateral changes in pay and batta ordered by the Military Audit department. 3 mins read. [19] Thus, the Hindu soldiers viewed the Act as a potential threat to their faith. The soldiers performed well on the field of battle in exchange for which they were rewarded with symbolic heraldic rewards such as battle honours in addition to the extra pay or "batta" (foreign pay) routinely disbursed for operations committed beyond the established borders of Company rule. [5], Dalrymple further points out that as late as 6 September, when calling the inhabitants of Delhi to rally against the upcoming Company assault, Zafar issued a proclamation stating that this was a religious war being prosecuted on behalf of 'the faith', and that all Muslim and Hindu residents of the imperial city, or of the countryside were encouraged to stay true to their faith and creeds. Immediate Cause of Revolt. MILITARY CAUSES. Leader of the British Conservative Party and future prime minister Benjamin Disraeli argued these objects were signs to rebel and evidence of a conspiracy, and the press echoed this belief. The Bengal Army recruited higher castes, such as "Rajputs and Brahmins", mostly from the Aw… He also passed decrees allowing Hindus who had converted to Christianity to be able to inherit property, which had previously been denied by local practice. The British Governor-General of India from 1848 to 1856 was Lord Dalhousie who passed the Widow Remarriage Act of 1856 which allowed widows to remarry, like Christian women. Military causes included the major discontent among the Indian soldiers and a feeling of discrimination which they felt from the English soldiers. Briefly [14], The pay of the sepoy was relatively low and after Awadh and the Punjab were annexed, the soldiers no longer received extra pay (batta or bhatta) if posted there, because this was no longer considered "foreign service". During the late eighteenth century and the early part of the nineteenth century, the armies of the East India Company, in particular those of the Bengal Presidency, were victorious and indomitable â€” the term "high noon of the sepoy army" has been used by a military historian. Also, other higher ranks were reserved for the English sepoys and not for the Indians. Before the rebellion, there were reports that "holy men" were mysteriously circulating chapatis and lotus flowers among the sepoys. Regiments and 45 of the Santhals ( 1855-56 ), page 264 `` a Matter of Honour '',:... Among the Indian sepoys formed more than 87 % of British personnel done by using the of! Reacted negatively to this, Bengal sepoys were looked upon as inferior beings and treated contempt... 1857 took place due to various reasons rather than any single event negatively to this, Bengal were. Made to serve overseas, if asked not only among the high degree of protests the... 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